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I've seen a rabbit do that; it was one of mine, actually, I had a bunch when I was a kid. I let them play in our fenced yard while supervised. One time a cat jumped into our yard; the bunny ran over to him and attacked him just like that. They grab at the neck and rake the belly with their hind feet. (If he'd waited I'd have chased the cat off or gone to him and picked him up to protect him, but hey, he was fast.)
Most of the time they're going to run and hide, but every so often they may have some reason to think that fighting is a better option.