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2. MATERIAL AND METHODSvia
(a) Participants
Participants were 59 white women from the student
undergraduate population at the University of St Andrews
(age,MZ20.4, s.d.Z1.5, range 18–24). No participants were
currently using the contraceptive pill or had been in last
90 days. All received monetary payment for participation.
(b) Photographs
Participants were photographed each time they came to the
laboratory, weekly for four to six weeks. Participants were
photographed in a neutral expression, under standard
conditions with diffuse flash lighting from two lateral flashguns.
Images were captured on a digital camera at a resolution
of 1200!1000 pixels in uncompressed TIFF format using
24 bit RGB encoding. No restrictions were made for make-up
use during photography, however the use of make-up was
recorded in self-reports. Consequently, 32 participants were
not wearing any make-up when photographed and 27 were
wearing make-up. The first photograph taken (week 1) was
used for ratings if the participant had either always worn
make-up (nZ27) or always not worn make-up (nZ14) in all
the photographs. If there was a combination of no make-up
and make-up photographs (nZ18), the first photograph with
no make-up was used. For presentation to raters, the faces
were aligned on interpupillary distance and masked around
the face line, so cues to hair and clothing were reduced.
Average faces were created in order to visualize the
differences in facial appearance between women with high
and low reproductive hormones. Composites were constructed
from the faces of the females with the highest 10
and lowest 10 oestrogen using the methods outlined in
Benson & Perrett (1993) and Tiddeman et al. (2001). See
figure 1 for composite faces. Separate composites were not
constructed for progesterone levels, because they were highly
intercorrelated with oestrogen levels (see §3b); therefore, the
composites would have contained the majority of the same
faces. Composites were created from oestrogen rather than
progesterone as the latter was not as strongly related to the
face ratings (see §3b).